From
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report
(MMWR)
Botulism Outbreak Associated With Eating Fermented Food ---Alaska, 2001
[MMWR
50(32):680-682, 2001. Centers for Disease Control]
On January 18, 2001, the Alaska Division of Public Health was informed by a local physician of a possible botulism outbreak in a southwest Alaska village. This report summarizes the findings of the outbreak investigation, which linked disease to eating fermented food, and describes a new botulism prevention program in Alaska.
A case of foodborne botulism was defined as a clinically compatible illness in a village resident with laboratory confirmation of botulism or a history of eating the same food as a laboratory-confirmed case; 14 persons in the village had eaten fermented beaver tail and paw on January 17. Approximately 20 hours later, three of the 14 had symptoms suggestive of botulism, including dry mouth, blurry vision, and general weakness. Two patients developed respiratory failure and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. One of the two intubated patients suffered cardiac arrest and underwent successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Approximately 6 hours after the onset of symptoms, the three patients received types A/B and E botulism antitoxin. They subsequently were evacuated to an intensive care unit (ICU) in Anchorage. Two patients recovered without further complication. The third required tracheostomy tube placement and mechanical ventilation for 1 month; this patient had been hospitalized with botulism in 1997. Of the other 11 exposed persons, four reported minor symptoms compatible with botulism, including dry mouth and nausea, and were admitted to a hospital for overnight observation. One was hospitalized for 10 days with persistent ileus. The remaining seven exposed persons were held for observation for 48 hours.
Clinical specimens from the 14 exposed persons were tested for botulinum toxin at CDC. Type E toxin was detected in serum specimens from two of the ICU patients and in stool from the third. Although they displayed minor symptoms, the other 11 persons had no toxin found in specimens and were not considered laboratory-confirmed cases. Type E toxin also was detected in three beaver paws tested from the implicated meal.
Beaver is hunted in southwest Alaska, and certain parts often are fermented and eaten later. In this outbreak, the tail and paws had been wrapped in a paper rice sack and stored for up to 3 months in the entry of a patient's house. Some of the beaver tail and paw had been added to the sack as recently as 1 week before it was eaten.
Reported by: A Horn, K Stamper, D Dahlberg, J McCabe, MD, Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation, Dillingham; M Beller, MD, JP Middaugh, MD, State Epidemiologist, Alaska Dept of Health and Social Svcs. Arctic Investigations Program; Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Br, Div of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases; and EIS officers, CDC.
Editorial Note
This report illustrates how the use of nontraditional fermentation methods
is associated with foodborne botulism in Alaska. Botulism results from
eating preformed toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. Botulism begins
with cranial nerve paralysis, including diplopia, dilated and fixed pupils,
dysarthria, dysphagia, and dry throat. Botulism intoxication can result
in death, which most often is caused by respiratory failure. The latent
period is typically 12--36 hours but can range from 6 hours to 10 days
[1]. C. botulinum and closely related organisms produce toxins designated
as types A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Human botulism is most commonly caused
by types A, B, and E. Type E is associated with foods of marine or freshwater
origin. Alaska's foodborne botulism rates exceed those in any other state
and are among the highest in the world [1]. During 1950--2000, Alaska
recorded 226 cases of foodborne botulism from 114 outbreaks. All patients
were Alaska Natives, and all cases with known causes were associated with
eating fermented foods [1,2]. Approximately 27% of U.S. foodborne botulism
cases occur in Alaska.
In traditional fermentation, food is kept in a grass-lined hole in the ground or a wooden barrel sunken into the ground or is placed in a shady area above ground for several weeks to months. Since the 1970s, however, plastic or glass containers have been used and fermentation has been done above ground or indoors. The anaerobic condition of sealed containers and warmer temperatures make fermentation more rapid and production of botulism toxin more likely [3--5]. These nontraditional methods have been associated with increased botulism rates in Alaska during 1970--1989 (Figure 1) [4,5]. Although a plastic container was not used in this outbreak, the beaver tail and paw were fermented in a closed rice sack and stored in a warm area.
Early diagnosis and antitoxin treatment have contributed to the decline of the case-fatality rate from approximately 31% during 1950--1959 to no deaths in Alaska since 1994 [1]. However, Alaska continues to have high foodborne botulism rates because fermented foods are part of Alaska Native culture. In a 1999 survey, 107 (77%) of 140 Alaska Natives reported having eaten fermented foods at least once in their lifetime [3].
In 1998, the Bristol Bay Area Health Corporation, a health-care delivery organization operated by Alaska Natives in southwest Alaska, collaborated with CDC's Arctic Investigations Program to design a community-based botulism prevention strategy, including an education video entitled, "A Helping Hand: Keeping Your Family Safe From Botulism." It features Alaska Native elders and botulism survivors discussing the risks of eating improperly fermented foods and recommends returning to traditional methods. The video also suggests boiling fermented foods for 10 minutes to destroy botulinum toxin. Both an English and an Alaska Native language version of the video were produced and distributed to all village clinics and schools in the Bristol Bay region.
Information on botulism prevention also is available
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References
1. Beller M. Botulism in Alaska: a guide for physicians and health-care providers---1998 update. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, 1998.
2. Wainwright RB, Heyward WL, Middaugh JP, Hatheway CL, Harpster AP, Bender TR. Food-borne botulism in Alaska, 1947--1985: epidemiology and clinical findings. J Inf Dis 1988; 157:1158--62.
3. Chiou L, Hennessy T, Horn A, Carter G, Butler J. A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to fermented foods known to cause botulism among Alaska Natives of southwest Alaska. [Abstract]. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, July 2000.
4. Eisenberg MS, Bender TR. Plastic bags and botulism: a new twist to an old hazard of the north. Alaska Med; July 1976:47--9.
5. Shaffer N, Wainwright RB, Middaugh JP. Botulism among Alaska Natives: the role of changing food preparation and consumption practices. West J Med 1990;153:390--3.